tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82509820719552516132024-03-20T01:45:46.732-07:00Anna university questions papers projects for EEE,ECE,IT,MECHANICAL,MBA,MCAADMINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07581275379027976561noreply@blogger.comBlogger134125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8250982071955251613.post-5603834732494356952023-06-12T05:24:00.000-07:002011-05-11T10:30:30.654-07:00WELCOME TO ALL<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Here are the links available:</span><br />
<ul><li style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><a href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2010/06/placement-paper-for-all-bank-exam-state.html">Bank Exam question paper ( FOR ALL BANK)</a></li>
<li style="color: black;"><a href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2010/06/combined-defence-service-examination.html">Combined Defence Service Examination papers </a></li>
<li><a href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2010/06/gate-papers.html">GATE Papers </a></li>
<li><a href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2010/06/tancet.html">TANCET</a></li>
<li><a href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2010/06/bsnl-jto.html">BSNL JTO</a></li>
<li><a href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2010/06/isro.html">ISRO</a></li>
<li><a href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2010/06/engineering-ebooks.html">EBOOKS</a></li>
<li><a href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2010/06/drdo.html">DRDO </a></li>
<li><a href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2010/06/barc.html">BARC</a></li>
<li><a href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2010/06/ntpc.html">NTPC</a></li>
<li><a href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2010/06/bhel.html">BHEL</a></li>
<li><a href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2010/06/bhel.html">BEL</a></li>
<li><a href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2010/06/bhel.html">HAL</a></li>
</ul><span style="color: #ff6600; font-size: 130%; font-weight: bold;">Anna University Papers</span><br />
<ul><li><a href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2010/06/ece.html">ECE</a></li>
<li><a href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2010/06/electronic-and-electrical-engineering.html">EEE</a></li>
<li><a href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2010/06/cse.html">CSE</a></li>
<li style="color: black;"><a href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2010/06/it.html">IT</a></li>
<li><a href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2010/06/mechanical.html">Mech</a> </li>
<li style="color: magenta;"> <a href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2010/06/biomedical.html">BIOMEDICAL</a></li>
<li><a href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2010/06/textile.html">Textile</a></li>
<li><a href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2010/06/mba.html">MBA </a></li>
<li><a href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2010/06/mca.html"><span style="color: #660000;">MCA </span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2010/06/anna-university-question-bank.html">Anna University Question Bank</a></li>
<li><a href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2010/06/anna-university-syllabus.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Anna University Syllabus</span></a></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2011/05/pic-microcontroller-programming_6856.html"><span style="color: blue;">Pic / Microcontroller programming tutorial</span></a> </span></li>
</ul><span style="color: #009900; font-size: 85%; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 180%;">Other Links in The blog:</span></span><br />
<ul><li><a href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2010/06/anna-university-syllabus.html">Anna University Syllabus</a></li>
<li><a href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2010/06/welcome-to-all.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Anna University 'Q' Papers</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2010/06/gate-papers.html">Gate Papers</a></li>
<li><a href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2010/06/sample-paper-for-gate.html">Gate sample paper with solution</a></li>
<li><a href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2010/06/engineering-ebooks.html">Engineering E-Books</a></li>
<li><a href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2011/05/pic-microcontroller-programming_6856.html"><span style="color: blue;">Pic programming tutorial</span> </a></li>
<li><a href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2010/06/hai-friends-i-am-posting-here-all.html" style="color: #660000;">Free ebook websites </a></li>
<li><a href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2010/06/final-year-projects.html">Final Year Projects</a></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><u><a class="posttitle" href="http://questionpaperlink.blogspot.com/2010/12/free-ebook-download.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Free Ebook download</a> </u></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #e06666;">Placement papers </span></li>
</ul><br />
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<ul></ul></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Please leave your comments here.....</div>ADMINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07581275379027976561noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8250982071955251613.post-49690823969603275242018-11-17T01:50:00.002-08:002018-11-17T01:50:21.630-08:00ஆண்களை விட பெண்களால் அதிக நிறங்களை காண முடியும்<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Latha, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">ஆண்களை விட பெண்களால் அதிக நிறங்களை காண முடியும்!<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Latha, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">வண்ணங்களை வகைப்படுத்தி காணும்
திறன் ஆனது மரபணுக்கள் எக்ஸ் குரோமோசோமில் காணப்படுகின்றன. இவ்வகை எக்ஸ்
குரோமோசோம்கள் ஆனது பெண்களுக்கு இரண்டும், ஆண்களுக்கு ஒன்றும்<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Latha, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> ………………….<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Please leave your comments here.....</div>ADMINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07581275379027976561noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8250982071955251613.post-49097984361665894362018-11-17T01:45:00.002-08:002018-11-17T01:45:20.180-08:00விண்வெளியில் ஏப்பம் விட முடியாது<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Latha, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">விண்வெளியில் ஏப்பம் விட முடியாது!<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Latha, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">நீங்கள் சாப்பிடுகிற உணவிலிருந்து
திடப்பொருட்களையும், திரவத்தையும் ஈர்த்து விட்ட பிறகு, வாயு மட்டுமே வாயிலிருந்து
தப்பித்துக் கொள்ளும், அதுதான் ஏப்பம் ஆகும், இது</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Latha, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Latha, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> ………………….<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Please leave your comments here.....</div>ADMINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07581275379027976561noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8250982071955251613.post-78654960022217695072018-11-17T01:42:00.002-08:002018-11-17T01:42:53.403-08:00சூரிய வெடிப்பு (அல்லது எரிப்பு) மிகவும் சக்திவாய்ந்ததாக இருக்கிறது!<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Latha, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">சூரிய வெடிப்பு (அல்லது எரிப்பு) மிகவும் சக்திவாய்ந்ததாக
இருக்கிறது!<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Latha, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">சூரியனில் வெடிப்பு ஏற்படும் போது
கிளம்பும் வெப்ப ஆற்றலை தான் சோலார் ஃபிளேர் என்பார்கள். அந்த ஆற்றலானது 100
மெகாடன் அணு குண்டுகளை ஒரே நேரத்தில் வெடித்துச் சிதறுவதற்கு சமமாகும். இந்த
கொடூரமான கதிர்வீச்சு ஆபத்தில்</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Latha, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Latha, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> ………………….<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">More details:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">http://corneey.com/wXHHtb<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Please leave your comments here.....</div>ADMINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07581275379027976561noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8250982071955251613.post-72649077288211490242018-11-17T01:40:00.002-08:002018-11-17T01:40:37.156-08:00ஆக்ஸிஜனுக்கு நிறம் உண்டு!<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Latha, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">ஆக்ஸிஜனுக்கு நிறம் உண்டு!<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Latha, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">ஒரு வாயுவாக, ஆக்சிஜனுக்கு மனமும்
கிடையாது, நிறமும் கிடையாது. ஆனால் அதன் திரவ மற்றும் திட வடிவங்களில், இது வெளிர்
நீல நிறமாக இருக்கிறது..<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Latha, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> ………………….<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">http://corneey.com/wXHHtb<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Please leave your comments here.....</div>ADMINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07581275379027976561noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8250982071955251613.post-88677016617524809822018-11-17T01:37:00.002-08:002018-11-17T01:37:32.177-08:00விண்வெளியில் உள்ள நட்சத்திரங்களை விட பூமியில் அதிக மரங்கள் உள்ளன!<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Latha, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">விண்வெளியில் உள்ள நட்சத்திரங்களை விட பூமியில் அதிக மரங்கள் உள்ளன!<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Latha, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">நாசா வல்லுநர்களின்படி, நமது
பால்வெளி மண்டலத்தில் 100 பில்லியன் முதல் 400 பில்லியன் நட்சத்திரங்கள் வரை
எங்கும் இருக்க முடியும். மறுகையில், 2015 ஆம் ஆண்டில் வெளியோடப்பட்ட நேச்சர்
பத்திரிகை ஆய்வு அறிக்கையின் படி உலகெங்கிலும் உள்ள மரங்களின் எண்ணிக்கை மிக அதிகமாக
இருப்பதாக மதிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ளது. அதாவது 3.04 டிரில்லியன் மரங்கள் உள்ளன.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Latha, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> ………………….<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Please leave your comments here.....</div>ADMINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07581275379027976561noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8250982071955251613.post-25175653911699191742018-11-17T01:32:00.002-08:002018-11-17T01:32:29.551-08:00குளிர்ந்த தண்ணீரைவிட ஹாட் நீரை வேகமாக உறைகிறது!<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span style="font-family: Latha, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">குளிர்ந்த தண்ணீரைவிட ஹாட் நீரை வேகமாக
உறைகிறது!<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Latha, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">இந்த உண்மை முரண்பாடாகத் தோன்றலாம். இது பெம்பா விளைவு என்று
அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. அதாவது இதை கண்டு அறிந்த, டான்சானிய மாணவர் எராஸ்டோ பெம்பாவின்
பெயரை குறிப்பிடுகிறது.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> ………………….<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Please leave your comments here.....</div>ADMINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07581275379027976561noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8250982071955251613.post-55231104312553392252018-11-17T01:15:00.002-08:002018-11-17T01:22:53.441-08:00ஸ்டீபன் ஹாக்கிங் சொல்லும்போது சிரிச்சோம், இப்போது மிரண்டு போயுள்ளோம்.!ஸ்டீபன் ஹாக்கிங் சொல்லும்போது சிரிச்சோம், இப்போது மிரண்டு போயுள்ளோம்.!<br />
Click here: <a href="http://ceesty.com/wXFNwO"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">http://ceesty.com/wXFNwO</span></b></a><div class="blogger-post-footer">Please leave your comments here.....</div>ADMINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07581275379027976561noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8250982071955251613.post-38112279888330019442018-10-31T00:51:00.000-07:002018-10-31T00:51:31.154-07:00<iframe height="260" src="https://thingspeak.com/channels/615384/charts/1?bgcolor=%23ffffff&color=%23d62020&dynamic=true&results=60&type=line&update=15" style="border: 1px solid #cccccc;" width="450"></iframe><div class="blogger-post-footer">Please leave your comments here.....</div>ADMINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07581275379027976561noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8250982071955251613.post-88424448543337680762018-10-18T10:16:00.003-07:002018-10-18T10:16:47.123-07:00EMBEDDED VIDEOS<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #656565; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">01. </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=whirSUEXiPw&t=65s" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #ff3b30; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.17s ease; vertical-align: baseline;">EMBEDDED TUTORIAL-1</a><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #656565; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">02. </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BznB53p9grM&t=2s" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #ff3b30; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.17s ease; vertical-align: baseline;">EMBEDDED TUTORIAL-2</a><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #656565; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">03. </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VoqTCWVm1tw" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #ff3b30; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.17s ease; vertical-align: baseline;"> EMBEDDED TUTORIAL-3</a><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #656565; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">04. </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ovEid5ADJQ8" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #ff3b30; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.17s ease; vertical-align: baseline;">EMBEDDED TUTORIAL-4</a><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #656565; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">05. </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NoZX6rI0p94" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #ff3b30; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.17s ease; vertical-align: baseline;">EMBEDDED TUTORIAL-5</a><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #656565; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">06. </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jGXj5luCslE" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #ff3b30; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.17s ease; vertical-align: baseline;">EMBEDDED TUTORIAL-6</a><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #656565; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">07. </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MOxG_igZIc" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #ff3b30; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.17s ease; vertical-align: baseline;">EMBEDDED TUTORIAL-7</a><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #656565; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">08. </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MKt-uVfr2So" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #ff3b30; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.17s ease; vertical-align: baseline;">EMBEDDED TUTORIAL-8</a><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #656565; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">09. </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sjbf9qCqTQY&t=51s" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #ff3b30; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.17s ease; vertical-align: baseline;">EMBEDDED TUTORIAL-9</a><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #656565; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">10. </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OoK1xJBIHCw" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #ff3b30; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.17s ease; vertical-align: baseline;">EMBEDDED TUTORIAL-10</a><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #656565; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">11. </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_y73tNh_eM" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #ff3b30; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.17s ease; vertical-align: baseline;">EMBEDDED TUTORIAL-11</a><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #656565; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">12. </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COqnoWYUvDw" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #ff3b30; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.17s ease; vertical-align: baseline;">EMBEDDED TUTORIAL-12</a><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #656565; font-family: "roboto" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">13. </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UWdzNxieJFA" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #ff3b30; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.17s ease; vertical-align: baseline;">EMBEDDED TUTORIAL-13</a><div class="blogger-post-footer">Please leave your comments here.....</div>ADMINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07581275379027976561noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8250982071955251613.post-86814198725925385442018-07-10T09:20:00.001-07:002018-07-10T09:20:17.601-07:00Addressing mode of 8051<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_V-t3096PSc" width="480"></iframe><div class="blogger-post-footer">Please leave your comments here.....</div>ADMINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07581275379027976561noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8250982071955251613.post-16352579505501350362018-01-07T10:05:00.001-08:002018-01-07T10:05:32.711-08:00INTRODUCTION OF EMBEDDED<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/M0_rCu_qBCU" width="480"></iframe><br />
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As you may know, we can't hear Ultrasonic sounds but animals or insects like Mosquitoes, bees, lizards and even dog can hear Ultrasonic sounds well.</span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana;font-size:12px;line-height:19.200000762939453px;background-color:rgb(255,255,102)"><b><br> How this repellent circuit keeps Insects, lizards, Mosquitos and Dogs away?</b><br></span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"><span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana">As i mentioned above, they can hear Ultrasonic sonic sound well at a particular Frequency range. Above that, they may get IRRITATED continuously. That's how this repellent circuit works.</span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"><div align="center" style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana;border:1px solid red"> CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR ALL IN ONE REPELLENT CIRCUIT.</div><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"><p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <br><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1-NBqk1IdulDYrtNU0EERTkB3wpuXrEFqzxzKw44B-TV-SFHffAGk9OjijaPuHZvgIlUAakTsqe5ztx_or9vhdsPxxPkOt6CaEr0MXYmU8diflLrvYBkF4dEVCNRMCCoDaFJsPedzlSs/s1600/All+in+one+Repellent+circuit-714349.jpg" rel="nofollow" style="color:rgb(105,140,171);text-decoration:initial" target="_blank"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1-NBqk1IdulDYrtNU0EERTkB3wpuXrEFqzxzKw44B-TV-SFHffAGk9OjijaPuHZvgIlUAakTsqe5ztx_or9vhdsPxxPkOt6CaEr0MXYmU8diflLrvYBkF4dEVCNRMCCoDaFJsPedzlSs/s320/All+in+one+Repellent+circuit-714349.jpg" border="0" alt="all in one repellent circuit" style="border-width:0px;padding:10px"></a></p> <br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"><div align="center" style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana;border:1px solid red"> CIRCUIT EXPLANATION FOR ALL IN ONE REPELLENT.<br></div><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"><span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana">The ALL in one REPELLENT CIRCUIT mainly consisting of a 555 timer, Frequency determining network, and a buzzer.</span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"><span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana">The 555(NE555) timer is wired here as an </span><a href="http://mycircuits9.blogspot.com/2012/05/astable-multivibrator-using-transistors.html" style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(105,140,171);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana;text-decoration:initial" target="_blank">ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR</a><span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana">, which will generate Square waves continuously upon the power supply of 12V. </span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"><span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana">The output Voltage from pin3 of NE555 is given directly to a Buzzer by a COUPLING capacitor C2.</span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"><span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana">The Frequency determining Network is one of the Important part of this all in one repellent circuit. It consists of two Resistors R1, R2 and a capacitor C.</span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana">They determines the Frequency of the circuit.</span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"><span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana">Each our prey's (Mosquitoes, Lizards, Insects and Dog) requires separate Frequencies to get REPELLED. So we have to tune this Frequency Network. The tuning is made possible by selecting a Variable Resistor R1, R2, and C</span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"><span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana">By giving the supply Voltage of 12V the Buzzer will vibrate at the predetermined Frequency (By Frequency determining Network) </span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana">You can Try our Frequency Determining Tool to calculate the Frequency:-</span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <a href="http://mycircuits9.blogspot.com/2012/06/astable-multivibrator-frequency.html" style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(105,140,171);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana;text-decoration:initial" target="_blank"><b>FREQUENCY CALCULATOR</b></a><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"><div align="center" style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana;border:1px solid red"> COMPONENTS REQUIRED FOR ALL IN ONE REPELLENT CIRCUIT<br></div><span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana">Here is the list of components required to wire up this CIRCUIT.</span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"><span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana">IC1 - NE555</span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"><span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana">C1 - 0.01μF</span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"><span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana">C2 - </span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana">1μF</span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana">Buzzer</span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana">12V Battery</span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"><span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana">*The value of R1, R2 and C is not listed Because it is different for Each REPELLENTS.</span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"><span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana">Value of R1, R2 and C.</span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana;font-size:12px;line-height:19.200000762939453px;background-color:rgb(255,51,153)"><b><br>For repelling Mosquitoes:-<br></b></span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana">R1 - 10K</span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana">R2 - 10K</span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana">C - 1nF</span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana;font-size:12px;line-height:19.200000762939453px;background-color:rgb(255,51,153)"><br> <b>For Repelling Lizards<br></b></span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana">R1 - 1K</span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana">R2 - 20K</span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana">C - 1nF</span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana;font-size:12px;line-height:19.200000762939453px;background-color:rgb(255,51,153)"><br> <b>For Repelling Dogs</b><br></span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana">R1 - 10K</span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana">R2 - 1K</span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana">C - 1nF</span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana;font-size:12px;line-height:19.200000762939453px;background-color:rgb(255,255,102)"><br><b>Why I can't Hear the Output of all in one repellent circuit?</b><br> </span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana">You can't hear the output of this circuit. Because the output generated from Buzzer is in the Frequency range of Ultrasonic. Ultrasonic sounds are situated far away from the audible sounds in Frequency chart. That is why we can't hear it.</span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana;font-size:12px;line-height:19.200000762939453px;background-color:rgb(255,255,102)"><br> <b>How to check the output, whether all in one REPELLENT circuit works?</b><br></span><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"><span style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana">It is pretty easy to check the output of this circuit, you can use an LED or a multimeter to check whether their is any output Voltage at pin3 of NE555.</span><span class="HOEnZb"><font color="#888888"><br style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,Tahoma,Verdana"> <div><font size="4"><b><span style="color:rgb(255,102,102)">-- </span></b></font><font size="4"><br> </font><b><font size="4"><span style="color:rgb(51,102,255)">With Regards,</span><br style="color:rgb(51,102,255)"> <br style="color:rgb(51,102,255)"> <span style="color:rgb(51,102,255)">s.m.sethupathy,</span><br style="color:rgb(51,102,255)"> <span style="color:rgb(51,102,255)">sms communication,</span><br style="color:rgb(51,102,255)"> <span style="color:rgb(51,102,255)">Bangalore.</span></font><br style="color:rgb(51,102,255)"> <br style="color:rgb(51,102,255)"> <span style="color:rgb(51,102,255)">mobile : 8892462501, 09944 186 173 </span><br style="color:rgb(51,102,255)"> <span style="color:rgb(51,102,255)"> <font size="4"> <a href="http://www.questionpaperlink.co.cc/" target="_blank"><u>www.questionpaperlink.co.cc</u></a></font></span><font size="4"><u><br style="color:rgb(51,102,255)"> </u><span style="color:rgb(51,102,255)"> <a href="http://www.sethu-panguvarthagam.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"> www.sethu-panguvarthagam.blogspot.com</a></span></font><br style="color:rgb(51,102,255)"> </b><br><br><br><br></div><br> </font></span></div><br> <div class="blogger-post-footer">Please leave your comments here.....</div>ADMINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07581275379027976561noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8250982071955251613.post-56300852121891782072012-12-07T01:40:00.001-08:002012-12-07T01:40:17.516-08:00DC MOTOR INTERFACING AND PWM<div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(0,176,240)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;font-family:Arial"><strong style="padding:0px;margin:0px">DC MOTOR INTERFACING AND PWM</strong></span><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></div><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;text-align:justify;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">This section begins <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">with</span> an overview of the basic operation of DC motors. Then we describe how to interface a DC motor to the <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">8051</span>. Finally, we use Assembly and C language programs to demonstrate the concept of pulse width modulation (PWM) and show how to control the speed and direction of a DC motor.</span></div> <p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p> <div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(0,176,240)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;font-family:Arial"><strong style="padding:0px;margin:0px">DC motors</strong></span><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"> </p><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px">A direct current (DC) motor is another widely used device that translates electrical pulses into mechanical movement. In the DC motor we have only + and – leads. Connecting them to a DC voltage source moves the motor in one direction. By reversing the polarity, the DC motor will move in the opposite direction. One can easily experiment <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">with</span> the DC motor. For example, small fans used in many motherboards to cool the CPU are run by DC motors. By connecting their leads to the + and – voltage source, the DC motor moves. While a stepper motor moves in steps of 1 to 15 degrees, the DC motor moves continuously. In a stepper motor, if we know the starting position we can easily count the number of steps the motor has moved and calculate the final position of the motor. This is not possible in a DC motor. The maximum speed of a DC motor is indicated in rpm and is given in the data sheet. The DC motor has two rpms: no-load and loaded. The manufacturer's data sheet gives the no-load rpm. The no-load rpm can be from a few thousand to tens of thousands. The rpm is reduced when moving a load and it decreases as the load is increased. For example, a drill turning a screw has a much lower rpm speed than when it is in the no-load situation. DC motors also</span><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p></span></div><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 71pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;text-align:justify;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">have voltage and current ratings. The nominal voltage is the voltage for that motor under normal conditions, and can be from 1 to 150V, depending on the motor. As we increase the voltage, the rpm goes up. The current rating is the current consumption when the nominal voltage is applied <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">with</span> no load, and can be from 25mA to a few amps. As the load increases, the rpm is decreased, unless the current or voltage provided to the motor is increased, which in turn increases the torque. <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">With</span> a fixed voltage, as the load increases, the current (power) consumption of a DC motor is increased. If we overload the motor it will stall, and that can damage the motor due to the heat generated by high current consumption.</span></div> <p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p> <div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 72pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(0,176,240)"><strong style="padding:0px;margin:0px">Table 17-9: Selected DC Motor Characteristics <a href="http://rvvww.Jameco.com">rvvww.Jameco.com</a>)<br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </strong></span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"></p><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"><img src="http://mohitjoshi999.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/080609_0658_dcmotorinte1.png" alt="" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"></p></span></div><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 72pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(0,176,240)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;font-family:Arial"><strong style="padding:0px;margin:0px">Unidirection Control</strong></span><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></div><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 71pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">Figure 17-13 shows the DC motor rotation for clockwise (CW) and counterclockwise (CCW) rotations. See Table 17-9 for selected DC motors.</span></div><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 73pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><img src="http://mohitjoshi999.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/080609_0658_dcmotorinte2.png" alt="" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"></span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"> </p><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"></p></span></div><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 71pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(0,176,240)"><strong style="padding:0px;margin:0px">Figure 17-13. DC Motor Rotation (Permanent Magnet Field)</strong><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"> </p><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"></p></span></div><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 71pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(0,176,240)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;font-family:Arial"><strong style="padding:0px;margin:0px">Bidirectional control</strong></span><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></div><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 70pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;text-align:justify;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black"><span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">With</span> the help of relays or some specially designed chips we can change the direction of the DC motor rotation. Figures 17-14 through 17-17 show the basic concepts of H-Bridge control of DC motors.</span></div> <p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p> <div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 3pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><img src="http://mohitjoshi999.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/080609_0658_dcmotorinte3.png" alt="" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"></span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"> </p><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"></p></span></div><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(0,176,240)"><strong style="padding:0px;margin:0px">Figure 17-14. H-Bridge Motor Configuration</strong><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </span></div><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 18pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">Figure 17-14 shows the <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">connection</span> of an H-Bridge using simple switches. All the switches are open, which does not allow the motor to turn.</span></div> <p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p> <div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 3pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><img src="http://mohitjoshi999.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/080609_0658_dcmotorinte4.png" alt="" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"></span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"> </p><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"></p></span></div><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(0,176,240)"><strong style="padding:0px;margin:0px">Figure 17-15. H-Bridge Motor Clockwise Configuration</strong><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </span></div><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 18pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;text-align:justify;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">Figure 17-15 shows the switch configuration for turning the motor in one direction. When switches 1 and 4 are closed, current is allowed to pass through the motor.</span></div> <p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p> <div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 3pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><img src="http://mohitjoshi999.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/080609_0658_dcmotorinte5.png" alt="" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"></span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"> </p><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"></p></span></div><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 1pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(0,176,240)"><strong style="padding:0px;margin:0px">Figure 17-16. H-Bridge Motor Counterclockwise Configuration</strong><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </span></div><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;text-align:justify;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">Figure 17-16 shows the switch configuration for turning the motor in the opposite direction from the configuration of Figure 17-15. When switches 2 and 3 are closed, current is allowed to pass through the motor.</span></div> <p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p> <div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 3pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><img src="http://mohitjoshi999.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/080609_0658_dcmotorinte6.png" alt="" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"></span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"> </p><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"></p></span></div><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(0,176,240)"><strong style="padding:0px;margin:0px">Figure 17-17. H-Bridge in an Invalid Configuration<br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></strong></span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </span></div><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;text-align:justify;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">Figure 17-17 shows an invalid configuration. Current flows directly to ground, creating a short circuit. The same effect occurs when switches 1 and 3 are closed or switches 2 and 4 are closed.</span></div> <p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p> <div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 36pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(0,176,240)"><strong style="padding:0px;margin:0px">Table 17-10 shows some of the logic configurations for the H-Bridge design.<br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></strong></span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"> </p><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"></p></span></div><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 8pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><img src="http://mohitjoshi999.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/080609_0658_dcmotorinte7.png" alt="" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"></span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"> </p><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"></p></span></div><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 36pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;text-align:justify;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">H-Bridge control can be created using relays, transistors, or a single 1C solution such as the L293. When using relays and transistors, you must ensure that invalid configurations do not occur.</span></div> <p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </span></p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 36pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;text-align:justify;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">Although we do not show the relay control of an H-Bridge, Example 17-5 shows a simple program to operate a basic H-Bridge.</span></div><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 2pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><strong style="padding:0px;margin:0px">Example 17-5<br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></strong><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></div><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 5pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">A switch is connected to pin P2.7. Using a simulator, write a program to monitor the status of SW and perform the following:</span></div><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p><ol style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"></p><li style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"> </p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-image:none;background-repeat:repeat repeat"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">If SW = 0, the DC motor moves clockwise.<br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></div> </li><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p><li style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"> </p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-image:none;background-repeat:repeat repeat"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">If SW = 1, the DC motor moves counterclockwise.<br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </span></div></li><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p></ol><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><img src="http://mohitjoshi999.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/080609_0658_dcmotorinte8.png" alt="" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"></span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p> <div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 2pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><img src="http://mohitjoshi999.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/080609_0658_dcmotorinte9.png" alt="" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"></span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"> </p><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"></p></span></div><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(0,176,240)"><strong style="padding:0px;margin:0px">Figure 17-18. Bidirectional Motor Control Using an L293 Chip</strong><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </span></div><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;text-align:justify;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">Figure 17-18 shows the <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">connection</span> of the L293 to an <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">8051</span>. Be aware that the L293 will generate heat during operation. For sustained operation of the motor, use a heat sink. Example 17-6 shows control of the L293.</span></div> <p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </span></p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 2pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black"><strong style="padding:0px;margin:0px">Example 17-6</strong></span></div><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 5pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">Figure 17-18 shows the <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">connection</span> of an L293. Add a switch to pin P2.7. Write a program to monitor the status of SW and perform the following:</span></div> <p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p> <ol style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"> </p><li style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"></p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-image:none;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">If SW = 0, the DC motor moves clockwise.<br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></div></li><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p> <li style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"></p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-image:none;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">If SW = 1, the DC motor moves counterclockwise.<br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></div></li><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p> </ol><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> <img src="http://mohitjoshi999.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/080609_0658_dcmotorinte10.png" alt="" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"></span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 19pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(0,176,240)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;font-family:Arial"><strong style="padding:0px;margin:0px">Pulse width modulation (PWM)</strong></span><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></div><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 18pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;text-align:justify;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">The speed of the motor depends on three factors: (a) load, (b) voltage, and (c) current. For a given fixed load we can maintain a steady speed by using a method called <em style="padding:0px;margin:0px">pulse width modulation </em><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px">(PWM). By changing (modulating) the width of the pulse applied to the DC motor we can increase or decrease the amount of power provided to the motor, thereby increasing or decreasing the motor speed. Notice that, although the voltage has a fixed amplitude, it has a variable duty cycle. That means the wider the pulse, the higher the speed. PWM is so widely used in DC motor control that some microcontrollers come <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">with</span> the PWM circuitry embedded in the chip. In such microcontrollers all we have to do is load the proper registers<span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">with</span> the values of the high and low portions of the desired pulse, and the rest is taken care by the microcontroller. This allows the microcontroller to do other things. For microcontrollers <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">with</span>out PWM circuitry, we must create the various duty cycle pulses using software, which prevents the microcontroller from doing other things. The ability to control the speed of the DC motor using PWM is one reason that DC motors are preferable over AC motors. AC motor speed is dictated by the AC frequency of the voltage applied to the motor and the frequency is generally fixed. As a result, we cannot control the speed of the AC motor when the load is increased. As was shown earlier, \\e can also change the DC motor's direction and torque. See Figure 17-19 for PWM comparisons.</span></span></div> <p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p> <div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 2pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><img src="http://mohitjoshi999.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/080609_0658_dcmotorinte11.png" alt="" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"></span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;font-family:Arial"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"></p><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"></p></span></div><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(0,176,240)"><strong style="padding:0px;margin:0px">Figure 17-19. Pulse Width Modulation Comparison</strong><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"> </p><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"></p></span></div><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 19pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(0,176,240)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;font-family:Arial"><strong style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px">DC motor control <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);color:rgb(0,0,0)">with</span> optoisolator</span></strong></span><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></div><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 18pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;text-align:justify;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">As we discussed in the first section of this chapter, the optoisolator is indispensable in many motor control applications. Figures 17-20 and 17-21 show the <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">connection</span>s to a simple DC motor using a bipolar and a <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">MOSFET</span> transistor. Notice that the <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">8051</span> is protected from EMI created by motor brushes by using an optoisolator and a separate power supply.</span></div> <p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </span></p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 18pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;text-align:justify;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">Figures 17-20 and 17-21 show optoisolators for control of single directional motor control, and the same principle should be used for most motor applications. Separating the power supplies of the motor and logic will reduce the posi-bility of damage to the control circuity.</span></div> <p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p> <div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 5pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><img src="http://mohitjoshi999.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/080609_0658_dcmotorinte12.png" alt="" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"></span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"> </p><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"></p></span></div><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 1pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(0,176,240)"><strong style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px">Figure 17-20. DC Motor <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);color:rgb(0,0,0)">Connection</span> using a Darlington Transistor</span></strong><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></div><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;text-align:justify;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">Figure 17-20 shows the <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">connection</span> of a bipolar transistor to a motor. Protection of the control circuit is provided by the optoisolator. The motor and <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">8051</span> use separate power supplies. The separation of power supplies also allows the use of high-voltage motors. Notice that we use a decoupling capacitor across the motor; this helps reduce the EMI created by the motor. The motor is switched on by clearing bit Pl.O.</span></div> <p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p> <div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 2pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><img src="http://mohitjoshi999.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/080609_0658_dcmotorinte13.png" alt="" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"></span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"> </p><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"></p></span></div><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(0,176,240)"><strong style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px">Figure 17-21. DC Motor <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);color:rgb(0,0,0)">Connection</span> using a <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);color:rgb(0,0,0)">MOSFET</span> Transistor</span></strong><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></div><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;text-align:justify;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">Figure 17-21 shows the <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">connection</span> of a <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">MOSFET</span> transistor. The optoisolator protects the <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">8051</span> from EMI. The zener diode is required for the transistor to reduce gate voltage below the rated maximum value.</span></div> <div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;text-align:justify;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></div><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black"><strong style="padding:0px;margin:0px">Example </strong>17-7</span></div><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 3pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">Refer to the figure in this example. Write a program to monitor the status of the switch and perform the following:</span></div><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p><ol style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"></p><li style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"> </p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-image:none;background-repeat:repeat repeat"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px">If P2.7 = 1, the DC motor moves <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">with</span> 25% duty cycle pulse.</span><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </span></div></li><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p><li style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"> </p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-image:none;background-repeat:repeat repeat"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px">If P2.7 = 0, the DC motor moves <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">with</span> 50% duty cycle pulse.</span><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </span></div></li><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p></ol><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><img src="http://mohitjoshi999.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/080609_0658_dcmotorinte14.png" alt="" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"></span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p> <div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(0,176,240)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;font-family:Arial"><strong style="padding:0px;margin:0px">DC motor control and PWM using C</strong></span><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></div><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">Examples 17-8 through 17-10 show the <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">8051</span> C version of the earlier programs controlling the DC motor.</span></div> <p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </span></p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 2pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black"><strong style="padding:0px;margin:0px">Example 17-8</strong></span></div><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 5pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">Refer to Figure 17-18 for <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">connection</span> of the motor. A switch is connected to pin P2.7. Write a C program to monitor the status of SW and perform the following:</span></div> <p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p> <ol style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"> </p><li style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"></p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-image:none;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">If SW = 0, the DC motor moves clockwise.<br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></div></li><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p> <li style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"></p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-image:none;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">If SW = 1, the DC motor moves counterclockwise.<br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></div><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </span></p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-image:none;background-repeat:repeat repeat"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black"><strong style="padding:0px;margin:0px">Solution:</strong></span></div><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p></li></ol><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><img src="http://mohitjoshi999.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/080609_0658_dcmotorinte15.png" alt="" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"></span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;font-family:Arial"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black"><strong style="padding:0px;margin:0px">Example 17-9</strong></span></div><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 2pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">Refer to the figure in this example. Write a C program to monitor the status of SW and perform the following:</span></div><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p><ol style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"></p><li style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"> </p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-image:none;background-repeat:repeat repeat"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px">If SW = 0, the DC motor moves <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">with</span> 50% duty cycle pulse.</span><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </span></div></li><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p><li style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"> </p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-image:none;background-repeat:repeat repeat"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px">If SW = 1, the DC motor moves <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">with</span> 25% duty cycle pulse.</span><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </span></div></li><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p></ol><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><img src="http://mohitjoshi999.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/080609_0658_dcmotorinte16.png" alt="" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"></span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p> <div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black"><strong style="padding:0px;margin:0px">Example 17-10</strong></span></div><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 2pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">Refer to Figure 17-20 for <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">connection</span> to the motor. Two switches are connected to pins P2.0 and P2.1. Write a C program to monitor the status of both switches and perform the following: SW2(P2.7) SW1(P2.6)</span></div> <p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </span></p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 38pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">0 0 DC motor moves slowly (25% duty cycle).</span></div><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p><ol style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em 38pt;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"></p><li style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"> </p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-image:none;background-repeat:repeat repeat"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">1 DC motor moves moderately (50% duty cycle).<br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </span></div></li><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p><li style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"> </p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-image:none;background-repeat:repeat repeat"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">0 DC motor moves fast (75% duty cycle).<br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></div> <p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 1pt;background-image:none;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">1 1 DC motor moves very fast (100% duty cycle).</span></div><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </span></p><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p></li></ol><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black"><strong style="padding:0px;margin:0px">Solution:</strong></span></div><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p><p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"> <img src="http://mohitjoshi999.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/080609_0658_dcmotorinte17.png" alt="" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span></p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(0,176,240)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;font-family:Arial"><strong style="padding:0px;margin:0px">SUMMARY</strong></span><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"></span><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </span></div><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;text-align:justify;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">This chapter continued showing how to interface the <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">8051</span> <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">with</span> real-world devices. Devices covered in this chapter were the relay, optoisolator, stepper motor, and DC motor.</span></div> <p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </span></p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;text-align:justify;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">First, the basic operation of relays and optoisolators was defined, along <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">with</span> key terms used in describing and controlling their operations. Then the<span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">8051</span> was interfaced <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">with</span> a stepper motor. The stepper motor was then controlled via an optoisolator using <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">8051</span> Assembly and C programming languages.</span></div> <p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </span></p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;text-align:justify;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">Finally, the <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">8051</span> was interfaced <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">with</span> DC motors. A typical DC motor will take electronic pulses and convert them to mechanical motion. This chapter showed how to interface the <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">8051</span> <span class="highlight" style="padding:0px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(193,206,52);font-weight:bold">with</span> a DC motor. Then, simple Assembly and C programs were written to show the concept of PWM.</span></div> <p style="padding:0px;margin:0px 0px 1.571em;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><span style="padding:0px;margin:0px"><br style="padding:0px;margin:0px"> </span></p><div style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(17,17,17);font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21.983333587646484px;background-image:none;background-color:white;text-align:justify;background-repeat:repeat repeat"> <span style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:black">Control systems that require motors must be evaluated for the type of motor needed. For example, you would not want to use a stepper in a high-velocity application nor a DC motor for a low-speed, high-torque situation. The stepper motor is ideal in an open-loop positional system and a DC motor is better for a high-speed conveyer belt application. DC motors can be modified to operate in a closed-loop system by adding a shaft encoder, then using a microcontroller to monitor the exact position and velocity of the motor.</span></div> <font size="4"><b><span style="color:rgb(255,102,102)">-- </span></b></font><font size="4"><br> </font><b><font size="4"><span style="color:rgb(51,102,255)">With Regards,</span><br style="color:rgb(51,102,255)"> <br style="color:rgb(51,102,255)"> <span style="color:rgb(51,102,255)">s.m.sethupathy,</span><br style="color:rgb(51,102,255)"> <span style="color:rgb(51,102,255)">sms communication,</span><br style="color:rgb(51,102,255)"> <span style="color:rgb(51,102,255)">Bangalore.</span></font><br style="color:rgb(51,102,255)"> <br style="color:rgb(51,102,255)"> <span style="color:rgb(51,102,255)">mobile : 8892462501, 09944 186 173 </span><br style="color:rgb(51,102,255)"> <span style="color:rgb(51,102,255)"> <font size="4"> <a href="http://www.questionpaperlink.co.cc/" target="_blank"><u>www.questionpaperlink.co.cc</u></a></font></span><font size="4"><u><br style="color:rgb(51,102,255)"> </u><span style="color:rgb(51,102,255)"> <a href="http://www.sethu-panguvarthagam.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"> www.sethu-panguvarthagam.blogspot.com</a></span></font><br style="color:rgb(51,102,255)"> </b><br><br><br><br><br> <div class="blogger-post-footer">Please leave your comments here.....</div>ADMINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07581275379027976561noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8250982071955251613.post-37735313026685826692012-11-13T08:53:00.001-08:002012-11-13T08:53:49.008-08:00pt2258+atmega coding (5.1 volume control ic)<a href="http://neoxy-yx.blogspot.in/">http://neoxy-yx.blogspot.in/</a><br clear="all"><font size="4"><b><span style="color:rgb(255,102,102)">-- </span></b></font><font size="4"><br> </font><b><font size="4"><span style="color:rgb(51,102,255)">With Regards,</span><br style="color:rgb(51,102,255)"> <br style="color:rgb(51,102,255)"> <span style="color:rgb(51,102,255)">s.m.sethupathy,</span><br style="color:rgb(51,102,255)"> <span style="color:rgb(51,102,255)">sms communication,</span><br style="color:rgb(51,102,255)"> <span style="color:rgb(51,102,255)">Bangalore.</span></font><br style="color:rgb(51,102,255)"> <br style="color:rgb(51,102,255)"> <span style="color:rgb(51,102,255)">mobile : 8892462501, 09944 186 173 </span><br style="color:rgb(51,102,255)"> <span style="color:rgb(51,102,255)"> <font size="4"> <a href="http://www.questionpaperlink.co.cc/" target="_blank"><u>www.questionpaperlink.co.cc</u></a></font></span><font size="4"><u><br style="color:rgb(51,102,255)"> </u><span style="color:rgb(51,102,255)"> <a href="http://www.sethu-panguvarthagam.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"> www.sethu-panguvarthagam.blogspot.com</a></span></font><br style="color:rgb(51,102,255)"> </b><br><br><br><br><br> <div class="blogger-post-footer">Please leave your comments here.....</div>ADMINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07581275379027976561noreply@blogger.com0