Potentiometer (Pot)
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Potentiometer (Pot) is another class of variable resistors and is used as an adjustable voltage divider. It consists of a fixed resistance track having connections at both ends and a sliding contact, called wiper, which moves along this track by turning the spindle. If only one of the connections and wiper are used, it behaves as a variable resistor or rheostat. In case wiper is not used, it will offer fixed resistance across the two connections. They are specified by their fixed value resistance.
Transistor 2N2222
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2N2222 is an NPN BJT transistor. It is used for general purpose low-power amplification and switching applications. These are designed for high speed switching application at collector current up to 800mA. It provides useful current gain over a wide range of collector current. Other features include, low leakage currents and low saturation voltage. 2N2222A is another variant with improved characteristics.
The emitter leg of 2N2222 is indicated by a protruding edge in the transistor case. The base is nearest to the emitter while collector lies at other extreme of the casing.
IC UM66
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DataSheet:
UM66.pdfUM66T is a melody integrated circuit. It is designed for use in bells, telephones, toys etc. It has an inbuilt tone and a beat generator. The tone generator is a programmed divider which produces certain frequencies. These frequencies are a factor of the oscillator frequency. The beat generator is also a programmed divider which contains 15 available beats. Four beats of these can be selected.
There is an inbuilt oscillator circuit that serves as a time base for beat and tone generator. It has a 62 notes ROM to play music. A set of 4 bits controls the scale code while 2 bits control the rhythm code. When power is turned on, the melody generator is reset and melody begins from the first note. The speaker can be driven by an external npn transistor connected to the output of UM66.
Many versions of UM66T are available which generate tone of different songs. For example, UM66T01 generates tone for songs ‘Jingle bells’, ‘Santa Claus is coming to town’ and ‘We wish you a merry X’mas’.
Pin Description:
Pin No | Function | Name |
1 | Melody output | Output |
2 | Supply voltage (1.5V - 4.5V) | Vcc |
3 | Ground (0V) | Ground |
LM35
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LM35 is a precision IC temperature sensor with its output proportional to the temperature (in oC). The sensor circuitry is sealed and therefore it is not subjected to oxidation and other processes. With LM35, temperature can be measured more accurately than with a thermistor. It also possess low self heating and does not cause more than 0.1 oC temperature rise in still air.
The operating temperature range is from -55°C to 150°C. The output voltage varies by 10mV in response to every oC rise/fall in ambient temperature, i.e., its scale factor is 0.01V/ oC.
Pin Description:
Pin No | Function | Name |
1 | Supply voltage; 5V (+35V to -2V) | Vcc |
2 | Output voltage (+6V to -1V) | Output |
3 | Ground (0V) | Ground |
